Self Assessment IIi And Vi - 1023 Words

Self-Assessment III and VI In self-Assessment III the first sections talks about what type of organizational system I would prefer. Organizational Structure is a system that defines the levels of hierarchy within an organization. The organizational structure classifies each job, explains its function, and who it reports to within the organization. Based on my scores they suggest I prefer to work in a mechanistic structure rather than a organic structure. In a mechanistic structure people work separately and specialize on only one task. Also within a mechanistic the hierarchy of authority is well-defined. The first section also measures my ability to delegate in the work place. According to my score I need to substantial improve on my ability to delegate. Based on the analysis delegating authority are what many managers have difficult doing. My ratio for being able to give feedback is a four out four. This means my self-perceived strength and weakness are equal, but I could work to improve ratio to be more self-perceived in strength. In the section labeled careers it indicates that I my preferred organizational culture that informal, humanistic, flexible, and innovative culture. These traits fall under humanistic culture even thought my other score suggested I prefer a mechanistic structure. It also indicates that I’m not that committed to my job since my score falls below the mean. This is ok since not being committed to ones job is the new norm than it wasShow MoreRelatedcompetency statement 3780 Words   |  4 PagesPennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Career Technical Education CDA-Ready Certificate Documentation Infant/Toddler (Developed from The Child Development Associate: Assessment System and Competency Standards Infant/Toddler Caregivers in Center-based Programs, Second Edition,  ©2006, www.cdacouncil.org ). 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Technology and Modern Age Free Essays

Sunday for me is the gloomiest part of the week. I always feel I am missing about an hour of sleep and still, somewhere in my sub consciousness. I have to face the dilemma of what to do for the coming hours as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Modern Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being at the transitional state of dream and reality, it would help me to be more creative if the selection of activities is less limited. The option includes the way the Modern Age generate happiness and the Purposeful Leisure. One of the most popular is the way done by the Modern Age since it gives us a wide selection and various inventions to choose from. For people with a gaming instinct, the choice is plentiful. For instance Computer Games develop by every generation have conquer the minds of teenagers. An example is a Warcraft Game made by Icefrog, consisting of different characters possessing skills and can be strengthen by the use of magical things. Computers now are very innovative that its content is advance and unique. It can finish a pile of works in an hour without numerous errors, unlike the past years which requires a lot of effort to have your projects and assignments be done. For a person who’s up for fighting, Arcade Games were made to make them feel as they were the warrior fighting for a prize. Arcade Games are commonly made as survival test; it may be a survival from Zombies, Militaries, Dinosaurs and many more. For lame people who still find time to play, PSP is very suitable, since it is not as big as Computers and Arcade machines. PSP can be downloaded with different games and can be played wherever you are. Another option that might satisfy one’s boredom is PURPOSEFUL LEISURE perhaps not as popular as MODERN AGE way but just as fun to do; this activity does not fall in the â€Å"killing time† category. It does however, command the respect of other activity, it is healthy and known to lower the calories level. Going out to make window shopping is much interesting than spending your money on repeat gaming. Having a youth camp on mountains or just simply playing Local games gives us the simplest and cheapest way of having fun. As I think of the two options, I guess Sunday’s of mine must be spending wisely. I may not like the Purposeful Leisure since it doesn’t have much excitement, but I know that it will make me healthy. I may love the Modern Age since it gives me new challenges but I will still prevent myself from getting addicted to it since it weakens the body’s immune system. On the year 1994, Modern Age has begun, Innovations and various inventions started to create names in public. Science and Technology has made a long way on the society. Even adults are engaged to the technological advancement. Changes are so fast and all of us need to adapt quickly. Using Technologies is very efficient. We don’t have to spend a lot of money and we don’t need to give a lot of power to finish a work. On the other hand, it is not difficult for some of us to be amused, even you are at home or on the middle of a vacation trip, you can still find time to relax by just moving your hands and by the focus of your eyes and mind. Despite the numerous values of technology, many oppose scientific process on ethical grounds. The researchers in the field of newly inventions face scrutiny from many advocacy groups because technology is seen as violating one’s fundamental environment principles. The current debate lies on major questions about the relationship between Science and Technology and Purposeful Leisure. What could be its psychological and societal implications to an individual? Since we have the ability to make advancement, we had better think hard about the kind of life we want. Technology has tremendous power to do good if properly used. The issues are complex. The lesson of history is that whatever is possible will be tried somewhere by someone at some time but this is no excuse for sitting back. We need to decide based on principles that the whole community can support and understand. We individuals have a vital role to play. I would like to give my reaction on the Sample Essay no. entitled Leisure and Modern Age. It stated that the Modern Age has offered humanity various inventions and technology advancement which have made our lives so progressive. Well, I agree with that, as I observe the society, people were allure by the new inventions and creations. Eyes are staring at computer monitors, ears are suited with headphones, and hands are busy pressing buttons and body is movin g consistently. The next part is how these things failed to provide humanity with more quality leisure time. Since, we spend our time on improving our gaming skills than making ourselves healthy. We have loss our mind-set that we still need to take concentration on our wellness. Most illness were get due to lack of nutrients, this happened when we engaged our energy in unworthy things. And technology is one of that unworthy things that weakens our immune system. I can say that it is okay to find Leisure on Technologies, but it is not good to get addicted and forget the real essence of why these inventions were made. Since some of the creations were made to help people become more efficient and not to make people become dependent. Because some people were very dependent to these creations, they occupy their time just to improve on games, failing them to recall about more important things. They forget about wellness which is much needed that having an accomplished work at technologies’influence. â€Å"Use technology, but don’t let Technology use you. † I remember this words said by an American psychology Professor on Youtube. We are now living in a modern age bringing us various ways to make our life much easier than before, less money to spend with and less energy to deal with. Tiring days is not an issue no more, finding time to rest is stress-free. But how good is it to have this kind of lifestyle, where communication is fast as airwaves, where task can be quickly performed in just a short span of time. Does it take the pressure when someone’s in a hurry? What are the effects of Modern Age especially on how we find time to relax? There are several effects of technology in human health, environment, animals, plants and earth. Technology can affect our health in many ways with both short term and long term effects. The extent to which an individual is harmed by technology usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging contents. Short term includes irritation of eyes and sudden stroke of muscles. Long term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease and even damage to brain nerves. Another effect is that both plants and animals are harmed by pollution cause by some creations. All the effects mentioned above pose a warning of danger for all living things. Humans, as the most intelligent species on earth, are encouraged to be more aware on what they’re doing not just by themselves but also to other creatures. How to cite Technology and Modern Age, Essay examples

Leadership Facilitative Leadership in Social Work Practice

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Facilitative Leadership in Social Work Practice. Answer: Synopsis of Case Study The main purpose of the study is to highlight Enron Company issues in handling current market condition. As per Thomas (2011), Enron filed for bankruptcy in the year 2001 as well as series of enquiries court cases that shake business world as well as public as a whole. This was the only case for wrongdoing like WorldCom, Charter Communications as well as Global Crossing as joined by Enron employees in SEC probes. During the time of bankruptcy, Enron is considered as the seventh largest in and around world based upon turnover as well as future success stories in upcoming years. Enron makes huge sound in coming under crashing down situations. According to Thomas (2011), they brought out the reason behind Enron downfall. They have gathered facts like improper trade practices, corporate culture as well as accounting frauds and ethics in general terms. It requires examining the role of top leaders from Enron debacle in case of providing good insights on resolving unethical practices from eroded culture of Enron. From the case study, it is easy to gather facts that Enron considered as most complex bankruptcy cases in US history. It has devastating effects on thousands of employees as well as investors. As opined by Taylor (2012), Enron aims at key mechanism in alignment with individual as well as corporate goals for employees working under business organization. This particular article explains the Enron Company bankruptcy debacle. It presents the business ethics background as well as leadership mechanisms that affect Enron collapse and eventual bankruptcy at the same time. As per Shaw (2011), it is the systematic analysis; organization culture at Enron demonstrates company culture and ethics among employees working in an organization. Company culture believes in individualism, aggressive cleverness as well as innovation that left Enron Company without any kind of compassionate and responsible leadership. Findings According to Duska, Duska Ragatz (2011), Enron is the biggest failures in and around the world in US. Accounting practices are the real reason to failures for the top leaders and bad leadership management. As per Richardson (2012), researchers brought out various aspects of Enron that leads to failure. This particular aspect includes trading practice at Enron as well as ethics followed at the same time. It renders pure insights for workings of lay and Skilling. It is found that Enron leads to dissolution of accounting firm as destroyed documents charging Enron millions of dollars in consultancy fees in the most appropriate way. As per Banerjee ErcÃÅ'Â §etin, (2012), it is found from the case that Enron face lack of adequate leadership skills within the executives of business organization. It is newly deregulated as well as innovative forum. Enron embraces culture for rewarding aspects for future analysis purpose. It renders negative earnings outlook as well as red flag to investo rs for successful appearance of Enron Company. As opined by Richardson (2013), Investors concerns with stock prices because of excessive selling as well as credit agencies in downgrade of credit rating of Enron Company. Most of the trading partners lose faith in company as well as Enron ability in generating quality earnings as well as low cash flow operations in the near future. It is essential for avoiding unethical practices and entering into web of partnerships as well as employed in increased accounting methods for maintaining investment-grade status. Enron executives mostly feel in performing the right thing for business organization in the upcoming years. As opined by Reed Signorelli (2011), Partnerships boost earnings as well as allow Enron in prospering misplaced card for collapsing Enron house. Stability of Enron house of cards erodes in way of culture attributes for future analysis purpose. Enron forces in announcing more than $390 million earnings with other partnership s in the most appropriate way. Enron case of ethical failure mainly deals with series of questionable business dealings. Strong company leadership requires stock evaluation as far as possible. As opined by Collinson (2011), Enron mainly started firing as declared for bankruptcy. Self-serving Exon eration employs in explaining the current situation as far as possible. There were some accounting issues as well as trading issues and reserve issues at Enron Company. As opined by Mobley, Li Wang (2011), congressional testimony news accounts as well as federal investigations in telling other business activities in certain ways. It insists ways for Enron in assessing cash that performed well as well as discloses shareholders equity in more than $1.2 billion for downgraded Enron debt. Company insiders refer as educated litigator accounting irregularities for future analysis purpose. Discussion Theories of leadership in Alignment with Enron Company It is argued that three leadership theories provide close relationship towards ethical leadership. As opined by Maeda Bermont (2011), theories are transformational leadership theory, authentic leadership theory as well as spiritual leadership theory. There is lot of similarities as well as differences between theories in relations with ethical leadership. These are as follows: Authentic Leadership- It defines authentic leaders who aim at rendering emphasis upon moral, ethics as well as knowledge and strengths. These leaders are aware of perceived qualities at the same time. It mainly promotes altruism, integrity as well as ethical decision-making process. According to Kouzes Posner (2012), differences lie in fact that two theories comes under fact as ethical leaders focus on morality and authentic leaders focus on self-awareness. Spiritual Leadership- It mainly defines spiritual leadership based upon ethics as well as values as applicable in certain religious texts. As opined by Brink (2011), leadership as well as ethical leadership reveals integrity in alignment with work structure as well as other concerns in an effective way. Differences lie in the fact whereby spiritual leadership focuses on hope as well as faith in proper ways. Transformational Leadership- It ensures transformational leadership as leadership style changes in alignment with life of society in operations. It brings about big changes for better lives as well as fruitful representation. As opined by Kouzes Posner (2011), Leadership and ethical leadership depicts altruism, integrity a well as ethical decision-making process. Transformational leaders focus on values as well as vision whereas ethical leaders focus on morality and ethical standards. Ways in which leadership Influences Culture Corporate Leaders encourages rule-breaking policies as well as intimidating aggressive work environment. It is possible from the ethical boundaries at Enron. According to Gallagher (2012), leadership for critical components in organization culture as leaders creates as well as changes organization culture at the same time. This applies in organizational ethical climate at Enron. Leaders use five primary mechanisms in influencing in the organization culture: Attention Reaction to crisis Role Modeling Reward Allocation Criteria for selection as well as dismissal These assumptions encourages behavioral as well as culture norms in and within an organization. Enron Executives uses five mechanisms for culture reinforcement as well as moral flexible opening in ethics degeneration for future analysis purpose. According to Fuda (2012), Enron mainly provides blueprint on how insufficient attention requires in changed leadership as well as culture in management control system. Companies claims in having sophisticated management controls for bringing ultimate effectiveness in highly dependent on organizational culture and leadership at the same time. It depends upon the control infrastructure as under leadership style in bringing operations management control systems in desired form. According to Breshears Volker (2013), Enron culture begins entirely upon radical transformation. It emerges as intellectual capital economy in array of intangible resources as well as sophisticated financial instrument traders for proper information system and expert acc ounting knowledge in the most appropriate way. The first mechanism is attention that captures the issues as well as attention by leaders. It captures attention of greater organization as well as focus mainly on employees for the same. According to ErcÃÅ'Â §etin, Banerjee (2012), Leaders of an organization focus on bottom line as well as employees believe in financial success in leading future business operations in desired form. Executive Integrity suggests ways in focusing for promotion of unrealistic belief for monetary transactions as far as possible. Rules or morality relies upon reducing obstacles in bottom-line financial success in the most appropriate way. Recommendations in Reducing the Unethical Behavior in the Enron Case It is recommended that Enron should have healthy corporate culture as well as reduced unethical practices. In Enron case, culture plays an important role in collapse matters. As per Bowie Schneider (2012), Senior Executives of Enron were optimistic in nature on operating conditions of business organization. They faces failures and losses of company performance as well as covering losses in protecting reputations as by the words of directors of business organization. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is easy to gather facts o Enron case study issues with proper solutions for the same. Enron has become case study in regard with unethical as well as bad leadership that leads to downfall of business corporations in possible ways. Researchers conduct study on understanding the relationship between ethics as well as leadership. Researchers mainly acknowledge the importance of perceiving as moral as well as ethical practices in becoming an effective leader in the near future. It also brings out the ways by which ethics practiced by leaders with respect to subordinates actions. It helps in understanding the fact that Kenneth and Skilling responsible for Enron debacle. Leaders engage in unethical practices for aiming future business activities. Lay was involved in most of the fraudulent partnerships as inflated by overestimated earnings of business organization. Lay and Skilling sells shares of Enron in sustaining practices at Enron. Lay and Skilling creates c ulture of fraud and cheating at Enron for permeated whole business organization. Management should check on the unethical practices among the employees. Business learnt from episodes of Enron and promotion of ethical practices and moral practices in business operations. It takes place emerging trends as well as best practices in guiding leaders in case of ethical dilemma. Most of the companies create position of Chief Ethics Officer in promotion of ethics in an organization. Enron collapse leads to lack of greed as well as ethical leadership as far as possible. Recommendations From the above study, it is found that leadership of Kenneth Lay and Skilling was the main reason for downfall of Enron for the case of unethical behavior in two-leader permeation in business organization. It clearly views at the lack of correct leadership as followed by lay and Skilling. It requires in following policy of money making as elimination of voice as emerged in Enron Company. Leadership Philosophy declares ethics as well as moral responsibilities for prevention of Enron Company. It couples with Enron ethical pronouncements in business operations in selecting the correct path. Leadership inherits for spirited documents in promotion in and within organization. Corporate culture evolves in ethical way in and within Enron Company. Enron code of ethics of Enron Company should maintain strong commitments for communication in respect with integrity as well as excellence as far as possible. It requires little evidence in supporting management modeling for solving values in the mo st appropriate way. Enron leaders should solve serious problem in relation with business transactions as well as concerned with personal rewards for business organization. Strategic partnerships deceive investors in using enormous debt for incurring purpose in the near future. It will serve as message to employees as well as complete disclosures in achieving future long-term obligations in the upcoming years. Enron primary message is to ascertain values by own actions in the most appropriate way. It should follow law as well as concentrate in financial measures as well as creative partnerships in an effective way. This particular arrangement reveals Enron Company for buying as well as selling of assets in keeping credit loan and high stock prices at the same time. Implementation What should be done By whom By when Rough Estimate of costs Estimated Allocated Time Hiring ethical people in and from screening process Human Resource Manager 12th July 2016 $ 1590 2 months Designing effective codes as well as raising awareness at the same time Human Resource Manager 15th July 2016 $ 1290 2 months Developing as well as employing ethical decision-making framework Human Resource Manager 14th July 2016 $ 1880 2 months Ensures concerns with periodic ethics training for employees at all possible levels of business organization Human Resource Manager 25th July 2016 $ 1220 1 month Essential for empowering ethical employees Human Resource Manager 24th July 2016 $ 2290 1 month Reference List Banerjee, S. ErcÃÅ'Â §etin, S. (2012) Chaos, complexity and leadership 2012. Bowie, N. Schneider, M.(2012) Business ethics for dummies. Breshears, E. Volker, R. (2013).Facilitative leadership in social work practice. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Brink, A. (2011).Corporate governance and business ethics. Dordrecht: Springer. Collinson, D. (2011).Leadership. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Duska, R., Duska, B., Ragatz, J. (2011).Accounting ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. ErcÃÅ'Â §etin, S. Banerjee, S.Chaos, (2012) Complexity and Leadership 2013. Fuda, P. (2012) Leadership transformed. Gallagher, D.(2012) Environmental leadership. Kouzes, J. Posner, B. (2011).The five practices of exemplary leadership. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Kouzes, J. Posner, B. (2012).The leadership challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Maeda, J. Bermont, B. (2011).Redesigning leadership. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Mobley, W., Li, M., Wang, Y. (2011).Advances in global leadership. Bingley: Emerald. Reed, L. Signorelli, P. (2011).Workplace learning leadership. Chicago: American Library Association. Richardson, J. (2012).Business ethics. Guilford, CT.: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Richardson, J. (2013).Business ethics 08/09. Guilford, Conn.: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Shaw, W. (2011).Business ethics. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Taylor, S. (2012).Leadership craft, leadership art. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Thomas, R. (2011).Business ethics. Bury St. Edmunds: Ethics International. Thomas, R. (2011).Teaching ethics. Suffolk, U.K.: Ethics International Press.

Spiders Essays (1290 words) - Spider Anatomy, Spider,

Spiders Spiders This report deals with testing the toxicity of certain chemicals on spiders, and determining the toxicity by how it affects it's ability to weave it's web. This report contains research on the four chemicals (benzedrine, chloral hydrate, caffeine, and alcohol) as wellas the spiders and their webs. Spiders are of course found in the class Arachnidia, which also contain mites, scorpions, and other arthropods. The order which spiders are classified under is called Araneae, a word of Latin origin. Most spiders are land dwelling, but some can be aquatic. Those that are aquatic spend most of their lives in or around water. Spiders can live in a vast amount of different places around the world. Jumping spiders have been collected on Mt. Everest at a height of 22,000 feet, the highest elevation at which any animal has been collected (Orkin, Insect Zoo 1). Adult species vary greatly in size, which is a contributing factor in the prey they choose, and also the way they catch this prey. Spiders range from less than three hundredths of an inch to more than 10 inches. All spiders are carnivorous in their eating habits, insects being first on their menu. Spiders usually catch live animals because the movement of the prey attracts its attention. Some spiders have poor vision, and rather depend on the movement of it's web to locate an insect. (Orkin, Insect Zoo 2). The prey is usually wrapped in silk before the spider injects the venom to kill it. Yet the larger the spiders, the larger its prey. Some spiders have been known to kill vertebrate animals, such as fishing spiders, who thrive on small fish, or bird spiders, feeding on small birds from South America, as well as a variety of lizards. Some species have even been known to attack snakes. When food is scarce, mainly during winter months, spiders have no trouble have no trouble with food, most can go months without eating. A spider's structure is irregular when compared to other animals, yet similar to those of other arachnids. An arachnid is of course classified on the number of it's legs, which happens to be eight. Spiders have two main body regions: the cephalothorax and the abdomen . The cephalothorax consists of the head and the thorax, which are fused together. Insects have three main body regions, a head, thorax, and abdomen. Other arachnids have those two regions connected through a broad waist. All spiders also have simple eyes, lacking compound eyes only found in insects. Spiders can have many pairs of eyes however, this number often reaches four. Spiders do not have an antenna either. (Orkin, Insect Zoo 6) Many spiders secrete a fluid in their posterior abdomens which is later extruded as a silk. This fibrous protein is used to weave webs, snares, shelters, and/or egg sacs. A spider uses fingerlike spinnerets to disperse this silk. Most spin more than one kind of silk to customize its web, or to just fit its purpose. For example, the spider makes some parts of its web not sticky so that it can run across it and not get caught. Another source says that spiders first lay down a type of silk known as ?dry thread?, with which they weave a ?dry spiral. Once this is completed, the spider lays down a sticky spiral of thread and goes on to eat the dry one. The sticky spiral must be replaced every couple days because it loses its ?stickiness.? Some scientists suggest that the pattern of an orb web (most common type of web used by spiders) is designed to attracted insects. These webs are thought to produce patterns that resemble those reflected by numerous flowers in UV light. Since insects only see in UV light, they might as well fly into a trap (Lyons, Spider Silk 1). Spider silk has been recognized for centuries as a high quality fiber. A few pairs of stockings and gloves have been made from the silk as early as the 16th century. Various attempts have been made to produce it commercially, yet have failed. New efforts are currently under construction as more people are finding new ways to use a strong, elastic fiber. A few of these

Childrearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England essays

Childrearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England essays Barbara Hanawalt's, Childrearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England, examines the practices and pitfalls of parental dynamics during the late 13th and early 14th century in English villages such as Bedfordshire and Oxford, as well as the comparably larger city of London. Focusing on children's ages from the time of birth till their twelfth birthday, Hanawalt bases her research on coroner's inquests of the time to garner statistics from which she extrapolates evidence to support her conclusions. The coroner's inquests from this time period were required by law, and detailed in regards to the cause of death, the members of the household, and their activities at the time, their residences, and their occupations. Through these detailed transcripts, Hanawalt attempts to create a vignette of peasant life, and therefore the circumstances in which children were raised to the age of twelve, at which point they were considered adults by society during that time. Hanawalt's motivation for conducting her social type of historical research is based upon dispelling earlier research by Philippe Aries, in his book Centuries of Childhood. Aries's book contends that contemporary sentimental notions of childrearing developed during this time "in response to the loss of other familial functions to the centralized state and the exigencies of industrialization" (pg. 23), and that this could outweigh familial bonds. Hanawalt counters these assertions by methodically introducing her own conclusions based upon statistical data as well as detailed circumstances in relation to them. Furthermore, she begins by pointing out that Aries garners his research and conclusions from the upper class, while ignoring the peasant majority. Also, she points out that Aries' research is incomplete due to it starting with children aged seven, and ignoring ages from infancy till six. Due to the peasant majo...

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar In linguistics, lexical-functional grammar is a model of grammar that provides a framework for examining both morphological structures and syntactic structures. Also known as  psychologically realistic grammar. David W. Carroll notes that the major significance of lexical-functional grammar is the shunting of most of the explanatory burden onto the lexicon and away from transformational rules (Psychology of Language, 2008). The first collection of papers on the theory of lexical-functional grammar (LFG)Joan Bresnans The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relationswas published in 1982. In the years since, notes Mary Dalrymple, the growing body of work within the LFG framework has shown the advantages of an explicitly formulated, non-transformational approach to syntax, and the influence of this theory has been extensive (Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar). Examples and Observations In LFG, the structure of a sentence consists of two distinct formal objects: C[onstituent]-structure of the familiar kind plus a functional structure (or F-structure) which displays certain additional kinds of information. Most important in the F-structure is the labeling of grammatical relations like subject and object (these are called grammatical functions in LFG).The first part of the name reflects the fact that a great deal of work is done by the lexical entries, the dictionary part of the framework. Lexical entries are usually rich and elaborate, and each one inflected from a lexical item (such as write, writes, wrote, written and writing) has its own lexical entry. Lexical entries are responsible for dealing with many relations and processes handled by different machinery in other frameworks; an example is the voice contrast between actives and passives.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2007)Different Kin ds of StructuresA natural language utterance is rich in structures of different kinds: sounds form recurring patterns and morphemes, words form phrases, grammatical functions emerge from morphological and phrasal structure, and patterns of phrases evoke a complex meaning. These structures are distinct but related; each structure contributes to and constrains the structure of other kinds of information. Linear precedence and phrasal organization are related both to the morphological structure of words and to the functional organization of sentences. And the functional structure of a sentencerelations like subject-of, object-of, modifier-of, and so onis crucial to determining what the sentence means.Isolating and defining these structures and the relations between them is a central task of linguistics. . . .Lexical Functional Grammar recognizes two different kinds of syntactic structures: the outer, visible hierarchical organization of words into phrases, and the inner, more abstract hierarchical organization of grammatical functions into complex functional structures. Languages vary greatly in the phrasal organization they allow, and in the order and means by which grammatical functions are realized. Word order may be more or less constrained, or almost completely free. In contrast the more abstract functional organization of languages varies comparatively little: languages with widely divergent phrasal organization nevertheless exhibit subject, object, and modifier properties that have been well-studied by traditional grammarians for centuries.(Mary Dalrymple, John Lamping, Fernando Pereira, and Vijay Saraswat, Overview and Introduction. Semantics and Syntax in Lexical Functional Grammar: The Resource Logic Approach, ed. by Mary Dalrymple. The MIT Press, 1999) C(onstituent)-Structure and F(unctional) StructureLFG contains multiple parallel structures each modeling a different aspect of linguistic structure. The main syntactic structures are (c)onstituent-structure and f(unctional) structure . . .C-structure models the surface syntactic form of language: it is here that surface precedence and dominance relations are encoded. C-structures are phrase-structure trees, characterized by a particular form of X theory . . . designed to accommodate the large amount of phrase structure variation found cross-linguistically, from the relatively strict configurationality of languages like English to the more radically non-configurational languages of Australia. . .C-structures are always base-generated; there is no movement. . . . [T]he effect of movement is achieved by the fact that different c-structure positions can be mapped into the same f-structure via unification.The level of f-structure models grammatical relations. Unlike c-structures, which a re phrase structure keys, f-structures are attribute-value matrices. F-structure attributes may be grammatical functions (e.g. SUBJ, OBJ, COMP, also nonargument functions TOP(IC), FOC(US)), tense/aspect/mood categories (e.g. TENSE), functional nominal categories (e.g. CASE, NUM, GEND), or the predicate (semantic) attribute PRED. . . . The contents of f-structure come from the lexical items of the sentences themselves, or annotations on the nodes of the c-structure linking pieces of c-structure to parts of the f-structure.(Rachel Nordlinger and Joan Bresnan, Lexical-Functional Grammar: Interactions Between Morphology and Syntax. Non-Transformational Syntax: Formal and Explicit Models of Grammar, ed. by Robert D. Borsley and Kersti Bà ¶rjars. Blackwell, 2011) Alternate Spellings: Lexical-Functional Grammar (capitalized)

Role of Public Administrators to Interpret the Constitution and Research Paper

Role of Public Administrators to Interpret the Constitution and Develop New Laws as Pertains to Same Sex Marriages - Research Paper Example The constitution is the supreme document of a State and incase of conflict between two statutes, the ruling of the constitution prevails. Public administrators have a role as pertains to same sex marriage since they are individuals bestowed with the responsibility of enacting laws as pertains to various issues facing the State. With this insight, this research paper will be aimed at delineating the role of public administrators to interpret the constitution so as to develop new laws specifically to the issue of same sex marriages (McVeigh, & Diaz, 2009). Outline of Importance of the Issue to Public Administrators Technology has led to the invention of surgeries and discoveries as pertains to the sexuality of individuals. Moreover, the constitution and the rights of individuals illuminate into the notion that there is freedom of expression hence association of individuals of the same sex. This has led to the performance of surgeries aimed at changing the sexual orientation of an indiv idual and hence judicial challenge as pertains to the legalization of same sex marriages. It is important for the public administrators to be involved in such issues as same sex marriages since they are bestowed with the responsibility of enacting laws that regulate a State. ... Public administrators need to be involved in defining the society and avoiding issues that may hamper the inviolability and cause apprehension; same sex marriage is such an issue that needs to be addressed (McVeigh, & Diaz, 2009). SECTION 2: BACKGROUND INFORMATION History of the Issue and Current Trends Decades have witnessed the trial to redefine marriage by incorporating same sex marriage into law. This however has not yet been achieved and has translated to enormous failure to religious attachment to the sanctity of marriage. This has been witnessed by individuals who have gone surgically restructuring of their sexual identity and their change of sexual orientation was disapproved by the court system. However, it was in 1993 in Hawaii that the issue of same sex marriage began being given much thought by the court system. This resulted from the reinterpretation of the constitution that as pertains to the privacy, protection, and privileges that is accorded to citizens of a State. T his was aimed at re-evaluating the statute that was applied as pertained to marriages between individuals of the same sex (McVeigh, & Diaz, 2009). This was the first uprising in support of marriages between individuals of the same sex and was followed by an Alaska court in 1998 and a Vermont court in 1999. The attempts in these two courts were both aimed at inculcating marriages among individuals of the same sex into the marriage statues. The Hawaii judicial uprising led to unrest in the country as pertained to the constitutionality of marriage among individuals of the same sex. The federal government in an attempt to quell the situation adopted DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act) which was aimed at encouraging the States to amend their constitutions and hence protect the customary